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SUMMARY:Battle of Hobkirk's Hill
DESCRIPTION:From Wikipedia\, the free encyclopedia \nThe Battle of Hobkirk’s Hill (sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of Camden) was a battle of the American Revolutionary War fought on April 25\, 1781\, near Camden\, South Carolina. A small American force under Nathanael Greene occupying Hobkirk’s Hill\, north of Camden\, was attacked by British troops led by Francis Rawdon. After a fierce clash\, Greene retreated\, leaving Rawdon’s smaller force in possession of the hill. \nDespite the victory\, Rawdon soon fell back to Camden and two weeks later found it necessary to abandon Camden and withdraw toward Charleston\, South Carolina. The battle was one of four contests in which Greene was defeated\, though his overall strategy was successful in depriving the British of all South Carolina except Charleston. The battlefield marker is located at Broad Street and Greene Street two miles north of the center of modern Camden. \nBackground \nAfter the Battle of Guilford Court House\, Cornwallis‘s force was spent and in great need of supply. He therefore moved his army towards Wilmington\, North Carolina where he had previously ordered supplies to be sent. Greene pursued the British force for a short time before deciding to take his forces into South Carolina. Greene hoped that by threatening the British garrisons in the state he could force Cornwallis to pursue him and then engage the British on ground favorable to his army. When informed of this strategy\, Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee replied on April 2: \nI am decidedly of opinion with you that nothing is left for you but to imitate the example of Scipio Africanus. \nWhen Cornwallis did not pursue the Continental Army\, Greene chose to reduce the British garrisons scattered throughout South Carolina in order to force the British back into Charleston. To this end\, Greene started his army of 1\,450 men\, made up of four Continental regiments\, Lee’s Legion\, Washington‘s Cavalry and Campbell’s Riflemen\, as rapidly and secretly as possible towards Camden\, which was at the center of the British line of posts in South Carolina. At the same time he hoped to secure the cooperation of the various partisan bands in South Carolina. The movement was part of an intricate campaign organised by Greene involving Continental and militia troops all across the colony. To that end\, he sent Lee and his men to assist General Francis Marion\, whose small band of militia was being pursued by 400 British troops under John Watson\, in the hopes of preventing Watson and his men from reaching Camden before the battle. To that end he was successful\, as the combined forces of Lee and Marion forced Watson to make a lengthy detour before eventually rejoining the British forces at Camden after the battle. \nThe Camden garrison under Lord Francis Rawdon included the 63rd (The West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot\, the Loyalist Volunteers of Ireland\, the King’s American Regiment\, the New York Volunteers\, the South Carolina Royalists and a small detachment of cavalry. \nThe town of Camden was situated on a gentle elevation. To the south and southwest lay the Wateree River and to the east was Pinetree creek. A ring of redoubts\, constructed by the British during their year-long occupation of the town\, stretched from the Wateree to the Pinetree and covered the northern approaches. Upon arrival on April 20\, 1781 at Camden\, it was apparent that the Continentals had lost the element of surprise as Rawdon’s forces were prepared on all fronts. Being unable to storm the town or surround the entire circle of fortifications\, Greene chose to encamp his army about a mile and a half away on a small elevation called Hobkirk’s Hill\, blocking Great Waxhaw Road.[11] As he did not have enough men to besiege Camden\, Greene\, hoping to draw Rawdon into an attack on the position\, organized the camp so that battle positions could be taken quickly in the event of an alarm. \nThe following evening\, Greene’s intelligence indicated that a force of some four hundred British soldiers was marching to Camden to join Rawdon’s garrison. Greene detached some of the South Carolina militia under Colonel Carrington to the east with some of his artillery to cover the road from Charleston. Finding the terrain to marshy for the artillery\, Carrington removed the cannon to a position of safety and awaited further orders. On April 24\, having received updated information that the additional forces were not on their way to join the Camden garrison\, Greene ordered Carrington back to Hobkirk’s Hill. \nEarly the next morning a Continental deserter\, sometimes identified as a drummer\, made his way into Camden. He was brought before Rawdon and informed the British commander of the Continental Army’s dispositions and that they had no artillery. Fearing that Generals Marion and Lee were on their way to join Greene and believing the Continental artillery was many miles away\, Rawdon decided it was a judicious time to attack. \nBattle \nBattle of Hobkirk’s Hill \nOn the morning of April 25\, 1781\, Rawdon was still under the impression that the Continental army was without its artillery. At approximately 9:00 am he left the security of the Camden fortifications with 900 troops. Unknown to Rawdon\, Carrington had returned to Hobkirk’s Hill that morning\, together with the artillery and provisions\, which were distributed to the Continental troops. At around 11 am\, while many of the Continentals were occupied with cooking and washing clothes\, their advanced pickets detected the British forces which had gained the American left by a long march skirting a swamp next to the ridge occupied by the Continental Army. \nThe advanced pickets\, under Captain Robert Kirkwood\, were able to delay the British advance giving Greene time to give orders and line his forces up for battle. He placed the Virginia Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Campbell on the extreme right with another Virginia Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Hawes to their left. On the extreme left\, Greene placed the 5th Maryland Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Ford\, with the 1st Maryland Regiment commanded by John Gunby to their right. The artillery was placed in the center with North Carolina militia in the rear. The three 6-pound cannons and 40 Virginia gunners were directed by Colonel Charles Harrison. \nHaving extricated his forces from the woods and forced back the pickets\, Rawdon arranged his forces and slowly advanced up the ridge towards the waiting Continentals. Greene\, perceiving the British forces were presenting a narrow front\, ordered an attack. He instructed Campbell on the right to wheel his men to the left and engage the British on their flank with Ford to take his men and make a similar movement on the left. Greene ordered the two remaining regiments in the center to advance with bayonets and confront the enemy head on\, while Washington was to take his cavalry around the British left flank and attack the enemy in the rear. The forceful movement of the Americans and the unexpected contribution of their artillery to the exchange inflicted heavy casualties on the British\, but their line held. \nDuring the advance of the 1st Maryland on the British left\, Captain William Beatty Jr.\, who was in command to the right of the 1st Maryland regiment\, was killed causing his company to stop their advance. Gunby ordered his men to stop their advance and fall back with the intention of reforming their line. At this time\, Benjamin Ford of the 5th Maryland was mortally wounded throwing his troops into disorder. When the Continental flank began to fall apart\, Lord Rawdon and the Volunteers of Ireland (Rawdon’s Personal Regiment) charged. The Maryland troops rallied briefly to fire a few rounds and then fled. Lord Rawdon\, although outnumbered nearly two to one\, and without artillery\, took the field. \nCasualties \nThe British casualties were 39 killed\, 210 wounded and 12 missing. The American casualties may be ascertained from two documents written by Colonel Otho Holland Williams\, General Greene’s deputy adjutant-general. The first of these\, a ‘List of the officers killed\, wounded\, and taken prisoners\, in the action before Camden\, the 25th of April\, 1781’\, details 1 officer and 18 enlisted men killed\, 5 officers and 108 enlisted men wounded\, 2 officers captured (one of them wounded) and 136 enlisted men missing. Williams wrote\, “The greatest part of those who are missing had not well understood the order to rally at Saunder’s creek; some were killed; 47 of them were wounded\, and are in the enemy’s hospital; we have tidings of about one third of the remaining number\, and hope they will be able to join us”. The second of these documents is a letter from Williams to his brother\, dated April 27\, in which he wrote\, “Capt I. Smith of the Third\, and Capt Lunt [Lieut] Bruff are both prisoners\, last wounded. Lieut Trueman is a prisoner\, and it is said thirty-nine privates of our army are taken\, besides a number wounded\, the whole amounting to about fifty” This would indicate that 2 officers and 39 enlisted men were taken prisoner apart from the 1 officer and 47 enlisted men who were wounded and captured. The total American loss at Hobkirk’s Hill would therefore appear to be 19 killed; 113 wounded; 48 wounded prisoners; 41 unwounded prisoners and 50 missing unaccounted for\, some of whom were killed. \nAftermath \nWashington and his cavalry never made it to the action. Their circuit to reach the British rear took them to Rawdon’s hospital and commissary area\, where they took 200 prisoners. Thus laden\, they were too late to assist in the battle\, and joined Greene’s army on its retreat from the battlefield.[4] Washington did\, however\, return in time to save the three cannons from capture. The guns were dragged from the field by 45 Maryland infantrymen. This company repelled a number of charges by loyalist horsemen under John Coffin but they suffered serious losses in the process. \nThe American retreat did not last long. Rawdon withdrew most of his forces to Camden\, leaving only a company of dragoons at the battlefield. That afternoon\, Greene sent Washington and Kirkwood back to Hobkirk’s Hill\, where they ambushed and drove the dragoons away; Greene turned the army around and reoccupied the site. Colonel Gunby was castigated by Greene for his actions that caused the line to break. A court martial that was immediately convened found that his “spirit and activity were unexceptionable” but that his order to fall back was “in all probability the only cause why we did not obtain a complete victory\, without mentioning the failures of Washington and his cavalry’s late arrival. \nRawdon returned to Camden\, where Watson’s men joined him on May 7. However\, the ongoing presence of Greene on one flank and South Carolina militia general Thomas Sumter on another\, and the fact that Marion and Lee were wreaking havoc with his supply and communications with Charleston\, convinced him that he could no longer hold Camden. On May 9\, Rawdon abandoned Camden\, retreating to Moncks Corner. \nIt is notable that the future seventh president of the United States\, Andrew Jackson\, witnessed the battle. He was being held by the British at the Camden District jail as a prisoner of war. \nSee also \n\nAmerican Revolutionary War § War in the South. Places ‘ Battle of Hobkirk’s Hill ‘ in overall sequence and strategic context.\n \n\nReferences[edit] \n\nBoatner\, Mark M. III (1994). Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Mechanicsburg\, Pa.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0578-1.\nGreene\, Francis Vinton D. General Greene Appleton and Company 1893\nMarshall\, John Life of George Washington Second Edition J. Crissy 1836\nGunby\, Andrew Augustus Colonel John Gunby of the Maryland Line The Robert Clarke Company 1902\nJames\, Marquis Andrew Jackson\, the Border Captain Bobbs-Merrill Company 1933. reprinted by Grosset and Dunlop\, New York 1971\nO’Kelley\, Patrick (2005). Nothing but Blood and Slaughter: The Revolutionary War in the Carolinas. Volume Three\, 1781. Blue House Tavern Press. ISBN 1-59113-700-4.\nPancake\, John (1985). This Destructive War. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0191-7.\nTarleton\, Banastre (1967) [1787]. A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781\, in the Southern Provinces of North America. Spartanburg\, NC: The Reprint Company.\nTrevelyan\, Sir George O. (1914). “George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of The American Revolution”. New York and elsewhere: Longmans\, Green and Co.\nWard\, Christopher. “War of the Revolution” 2 Volumes\, MacMillan\, New York\, 1952.
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SUMMARY:Battle of Spencer's Ordinary From Wikipedia\, the free encyclopedia
DESCRIPTION:The Battle of Spencer’s Ordinary was an inconclusive skirmish that took place on 26 June 1781\, late in the American Revolutionary War. British forces under Lieutenant Colonel John Graves Simcoe and American forces under Colonel Richard Butler\, light detachments from the armies of General Lord Cornwallis and the Marquis de Lafayette respectively\, clashed near a tavern (the “ordinary”) at a road intersection not far from Williamsburg\, Virginia.\nLafayette had been shadowing Cornwallis as he moved his army toward Williamsburg from central Virginia. Aware that Simcoe had become separated from Cornwallis\, he sent Butler out in an attempt to cut Simcoe off. Both sides\, concerned that the other might be reinforced by its main army\, eventually broke off the battle. \nBackground\nMain articles: Yorktown campaign and Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War\nIn May 1781\, Lord Charles Cornwallis arrived in Petersburg\, Virginia after a lengthy campaign through North and South Carolina. In addition to his 1\,400 troops\, he assumed command of another 3\,600 troops that had been under the command of the turncoat Benedict Arnold\, and was soon thereafter further reinforced by about 2\,000 more troops sent from New York.[4] These forces were opposed by a much smaller Continental Army force led by the Marquis de Lafayette\, then located at Richmond.[5] Following orders originally given to Arnold’s predecessor in command\, William Phillips (who died a week before Cornwallis’ arrival)\, Cornwallis worked to eliminate Virginia’s ability to support the revolutionary cause\, and gave chase to Lafayette’s army\, which numbered barely 3\,000 and included a large number of inexperienced militia.[6][7]\nLafayette successfully eluded engaging Cornwallis for about one month\, who used his numerical advantage to detach forces for raids against economic\, military\, and political targets in central Virginia. Cornwallis then turned back to the east\, marching for Williamsburg. Lafayette\, whose force grew to number about 4\,000 with the arrival of Continental Army reinforcements under General Anthony Wayne and additional experienced militiamen under William Campbell\, followed Cornwallis.[8] Buoyed by the increase in his troop strength\, Lafayette also became more aggressive in his tactics\, sending out detachments of his force to counteract those that Cornwallis sent on forage and raiding expeditions.[9] These detachments were composed of select units taken from a variety of regiments. Among those that were commonly in the army’s advance guard were a combined cavalry and infantry unit from Pennsylvania under Captain William McPherson\, and companies of Virginia riflemen under Majors Richard Call and John Willis.[10] \nJean Laurent Mosnier\, 1791\nLafayette\, once he was joined by Wayne and Campbell\, wanted to engage elements of Cornwallis’ army without necessarily facing its full strength.[9] As Cornwallis approached Williamsburg\, Lafayette and Wayne received word that Lieutenant Colonel John Graves Simcoe and his Loyalist regiment of Queen’s Rangers were returning from a raid to destroy boats and forage for supplies on the Chickahominy River.[10] Simcoe’s full force included\, in addition to the Rangers\, a few companies of Hessian jägers led by Captains Johann Ewald and Johann Althaus.[11] On the night of 25 June\, Wayne sent most of the advance guard under Colonel Richard Butler\, including McPherson\, Call\, and Willis\, to intercept Simcoe’s force. A forward party of about 50 dragoons and 50 light infantry under McPherson caught up with advance companies of Simcoe’s force near Spencer’s Ordinary\, a tavern at a road intersection about 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Williamsburg.[12]\nBattle \nMap by Johann Ewald depicting the action. American forces are yellow\, British blue.\nSimcoe’s troops were moving down the road toward Williamsburg\, convoying some cattle with the infantry and jägers in the lead under Major Richard Armstrong\, with Simcoe and the cavalry about an hour behind them. At Spencer’s Ordinary (“ordinary” meaning tavern at the time)\, the troops rejoined and paused to rest. Simcoe ordered fences in the area torn down since “it was an admirable place for the chicanery of action”.[11] While they rested\, some of the Loyalists went out to round up more cattle found in the area\, and the cavalry went to a nearby farm to feed their horses.[11] McPherson’s men encountered the latter\, whose sentries raised the alarm to the main body. Simcoe’s cavalry charged McPherson’s formation\, breaking it up. McPherson and a number of his men were unhorsed in the melee\, and several were taken prisoner before the leading edge of Butler’s main force began to arrive.[12] Simcoe ordered most of the infantry up to support his cavalry\, and sent the jägers and light infantry into the woods on the right to flank the arriving enemy column.[13] By questioning the prisoners\, Simcoe learned that Lafayette was not far off. He sent word to Cornwallis\, dispatched the cattle convoy toward Williamsburg\, and ordered trees to be felled to make a barricade across the road as a point of defense. He then arrayed his troops in a way calculated to mislead the Americans into believing that more troops were in formation just over a rise.[13] When Butler’s force arrived\, Simcoe ordered an infantry charge. This scattered the first wave of Butler’s men into the nearby woods\, where the jägers then pushed them back. However\, Butler’s men continued to advance. Simcoe ordered a cavalry charge and fired a field cannon to give the impression that a larger force was arriving. The charge forced Butler’s men back\, at which point the two forces disengaged\, Simcoe because he was concerned that Lafayette was approaching\, and Butler because his men were fooled by Simcoe’s stratagem.[3][14]\nAftermath[edit]\nSimcoe left his wounded men at the tavern under a truce flag\, and withdrew down the Williamsburg road\, joining with forces Cornwallis sent about two miles (3.2 km) down the road.[1] The Americans retreated to Lafayette’s camp at Tyre’s Plantation\,[14] and Simcoe was able to return to the tavern and recover his wounded.[1]\nSimcoe reported his losses at 11 killed and 25 wounded\, and the American loss at 9 killed\, 14 wounded\, and 32 captured.[1][3] Lafayette claimed the Americans had killed 60 and wounded 100\, while Cornwallis claimed the British had 33 killed and wounded.[14] (The latter number agrees with that provided by Fryer and Dracott if Hessian casualties are excluded.)[3]\nThe location of the battle is now within the grounds of James City County’s Freedom Park in Williamsburg. Published park materials do not indicate if the exact location is marked in any way.[15]\nButler’s identity[edit]\nSources disagree on the name of the Butler who commanded the American force. In early histories\, Benson Lossing claims that one Percival Butler was in command\, who had also served under Daniel Morgan in earlier campaigns\,[16] while Henry Johnston identifies the commander as Richard Butler\, a hero of Stony Point.[12] In modern histories\, Fryer and Dracott also identify him as Richard\, while Brendan Morrissey apparently misidentifies him as John Butler.[1][17]\nNotes[edit]\n^ Jump up to:
a b c d e f Fryer and Dracott\, p. 70\n^ Fryer and Dracott\, p. 65\n^ Jump up to:
a b c d Fryer and Dracott\, p. 69\n^ Wickwire\, p. 326. See preceding pages for details of Cornwallis’ Carolina campaigning.\n^ Clary\, pp. 303-304\n^ Wickwire\, pp. 328-329\n^ Clary\, p. 305\n^ Clary\, pp. 303-309\n^ Jump up to:
a b Wickwire\, p. 335\n^ Jump up to:
a b Johnston\, p. 55\n^ Jump up to:
a b c Fryer and Dracott\, p. 66\n^ Jump up to:
a b c Johnston\, p. 56\n^ Jump up to:
a b Fryer and Dracott\, p. 67\n^ Jump up to:
a b c Lossing\, p. 259\n^ James City County Parks & Recreation – Freedom Park\n^ Lossing\, p. 258\n^ Morrissey\, p. 25\nReferences\nCampbell\, Charles; Campbell\, Samuel Legrand (1847). Introduction to the history of the colony and ancient dominion of Virginia. Richmond\, VA: B. B. Minor. OCLC 3266340.\nClary\, David A (2007). Adopted Son: Washington\, Lafayette\, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-80435-5. OCLC 166358616.\nFryer\, Mary Beacock; Dracott\, Christopher (1998). John Graves Simcoe\, 1752-1806: a biography. Toronto: Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-55002-309-1. OCLC 246610750.\nJohnston\, Henry Phelps (1881). The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis\, 1781. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 426009.\nLossing\, Benson (2006) [1859]. The Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution\, Volume 2. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4254-9144-4. OCLC 65737415.\nMorrissey\, Brendan (1997). Yorktown 1781: the world turned upside down. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-688-0. OCLC 39028166.\nNelson\, Paul David (1985). Anthony Wayne\, soldier of the early republic. Bloomington\, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-30751-4. OCLC 11518827.\nWickwire\, Franklin and Mary (1970). Cornwallis: The American Adventure. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 62690.
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